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he was born in 1990

  • 1 born

    Adj
    1. जन्मजात
    Sunil Gavaskar's son will be a born cricketer.
    --------
    V
    1. जन्म\bornलेना[होना]
    Her son was born in 1990.
    He was born to be a great singer.

    English-Hindi dictionary > born

  • 2 bear

    I
    1. n
    1) ведмідь; ведмедиця
    2) ведмеже хутро
    3) перен. груба, невихована людина
    4) спекулянт, що грає на пониження (на біржі)
    5) ручний діркопробивний прес; медведка
    6) мор. швабра (для миття палуби)
    8) розм. ячмінь
    9) розм. наволочка
    10) астр.

    Great B. — Велика Ведмедиця, Великий Віз

    Little (Lesser) B. — Мала Ведмедиця, Малий Віз

    B. State — амер. «Ведмежий штат» (жарт. назва штату Арканзас)

    as cross as a bear with a sore head — злий, як пес; дивиться звіром

    2. v
    грати на пониження (на біржі)
    II
    v (past bore; p.p. borne)
    1) носити, нести; переносити; перевозити
    2) гнати, відносити (вітром)
    3) прямувати, рухатися; триматися; повертатися
    4) знаходитися, простягатися
    5) мати (на собі)
    6) терпіти, зносити, витримувати, нести тягар (навантаження)
    7) спиратися (на щось); натискати, тиснути
    8) дозволяти, допускати
    9) (p.p. тж born) родити, народжувати
    10) давати (плоди)
    11) переборювати, долати (труднощі); зазнавати (втрат)

    □ bear away — віднести, відвести; захопити, завоювати (приз)

    □ bear down — подолати, зламати (опір)

    □ bear down upon — накинутися, налетіти на (когось)

    □ bear off — відхилятися; відчалювати

    □ bear out — підтверджувати, підтримувати, підкріпляти

    □ bear up — підтримувати, підбадьорювати

    ◊ to bear arms — служити в армії

    ◊ to bear a company to smb. — проводити час з кимсь

    ◊ to bear comparison — витримувати порівняння

    ◊ to bear in mind — пам'ятати, мати на увазі, враховувати

    ◊ to bear oneself — поводитися

    ◊ to bear a resemblance — мати схожість

    ◊ to bear testimony (witness) — свідчити

    ◊ bear a hand! — допоможіть!

    * * *
    I n
    1) ведмідь; ведмедиця
    2) ведмідь, незграбна людина
    5) бірж. проф. спекулянт, що грає на зниження
    6) ручний діропробивний прес, медведка
    7) метал. "козел"
    II v
    бірж. проф. грати на зниження
    III v
    (bore; borne, born)
    1) переносити, перевозити; носити, нести (звич. що-небудь важке)
    2) гнати, нести (тж. bear along); направлятися, повертатися; триматися
    3) знаходитися, простягатися, простиратися ( про місцевість)
    4) наводити (телескоп, гармату)
    5) мати (ознаки, сліди), нести на собі
    6) мати, володіти
    7) витримувати, нести тягар, навантаження (тж. bear up)
    8) (on, upon) спиратися ( на що-небудь); стояти ( на чому-небудь); натискати, тиснути, давити
    10) допускати, дозволяти
    11) (p.; p.; тж. born) народжувати; родити, породжувати; приносити плоди
    12) refl триматися, поводитися
    13) терпіти, виносити, витримувати (біль, катування); переносити ( операцію)
    14) у заперечних або питальних реченнях терпіти, виносити; миритися ( з чим-небудь)
    15) нести, зазнавати (витрат, збитків)

    to bear evidence /testimony, witness/ — свідчити

    17) почувати, плекати, таїти ( почуття)
    18) поширювати ( чутки), розносити ( плітки)
    IV n; діал. V n; діал.

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > bear

  • 3 History of volleyball

    ________________________________________
    William G. Morgan (1870-1942) inventor of the game of volleyball
    ________________________________________
    William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".
    The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.
    His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.
    ________________________________________
    ________________________________________
    In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!
    The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.
    Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.
    In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.
    During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.
    On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.
    In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.
    1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.
    1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba
    1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports
    1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico
    1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay
    1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games
    1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to Brazil
    In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".
    1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.
    In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
    1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.
    In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
    In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.
    In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.
    1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American life
    In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.
    In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.
    In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.
    Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass
    1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organized
    In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.
    In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.
    In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
    1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.
    1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries
    1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball
    1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.
    1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.
    1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)
    1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California
    1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.
    In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
    The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.
    In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.
    1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.
    1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.
    In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
    In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).
    In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).
    In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.
    In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.
    In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.
    In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.
    In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.
    In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.
    In 1990, the World League was created.
    In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.
    In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.
    In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!
    In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the Olympics
    There is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.
    ________________________________________
    Copyright (c)Volleyball World Wide
    Volleyball World Wide on the Computer Internet/WWW
    http://www.Volleyball.ORG/

    English-Albanian dictionary > History of volleyball

  • 4 first

    fə:st
    1. adjective, adverb
    (before all others in place, time or rank: the first person to arrive; The boy spoke first.) primero

    2. adverb
    (before doing anything else: `Shall we eat now?' `Wash your hands first!) primero

    3. noun
    (the person, animal etc that does something before any other person, animal etc: the first to arrive.) primero
    - first aid
    - first-born
    - first-class
    - first-hand
    - first-rate
    - at first
    - at first hand
    - first and foremost
    - first of all
    first1 adj primero
    first2 adv
    1. primero
    he came first in the race llegó el primero en la carrera / ganó la carrera
    you play later, first you must finish your lunch podrás jugar luego, primero acaba de comer
    2. por primera vez
    tr[fɜːst]
    1 primero,-a
    ■ what was your first job? ¿cuál fue tu primer trabajo?
    ■ who was the first man on the moon? ¿quién fue el primer hombre que pisó la luna?
    ■ for the first time in my life... por primera vez en mi vida...
    ■ my first reaction was to... mi reacción inicial fue...
    ■ when you get up, what do you do first? al levantarte, ¿qué es lo primero que haces?
    ■ first, I have to go to the bank primero, tengo que ir al banco
    2 (for the first time) por primera vez
    ■ when we first met, he hated me cuando nos conocimos, me odiaba
    3 (in first place) primero, en primer lugar
    ■ there are several reasons: first,... hay varias razones: en primer lugar,...
    ■ he said he'd die first dijo que antes, preferiría morir
    1 la primera vez
    ■ it's a first for me too! ¡es la primera vez para mí también!
    1 el primero, la primera, lo primero
    2 (gear) primera
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    at first al principio
    at first sight a primera vista
    to come first (in race) llegar el primero 2 (in order) estar primero
    first come, first served el que llega primero tiene prioridad
    first of all en primer lugar
    first thing a primera hora (de la mañana)
    first things first lo primero es lo primero
    from the first desde el principio
    from first to last de principio a fin, desde el principio hasta el final
    First Communion primera comunión nombre femenino
    first floor SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL primer piso 2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL planta baja
    First Lady Primera Dama
    first night estreno
    first offender delincuente nombre masculino sin antecedentes
    first person SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL primera persona
    First World War Primera Guerra Mundial
    first ['fərst] adv
    1) : primero
    finish your homework first: primero termina tu tarea
    first and foremost: ante todo
    first of all: en primer lugar
    2) : por primera vez
    I saw it first in Boston: lo vi por primera vez en Boston
    first adj
    1) : primero
    the first time: la primera vez
    at first sight: a primera vista
    in the first place: en primer lugar
    the first ten applicants: los diez primeros candidatos
    2) foremost: principal, primero
    first tenor: tenor principal
    1) : primero m, -ra f (en una serie)
    2) : primero m, primera parte f
    3) or first gear : primera f
    4)
    at first : al principio
    adj.
    • delantero, -a adj.
    • original adj.
    • primer adj.
    • primero, -a adj.
    • principal adj.
    adv.
    • primera velocidad adv.
    • primero adv.
    n.
    • primero s.m.

    I fɜːrst, fɜːst
    1)
    a) ( initial) primero [primero becomes primer when it precedes a masculine singular noun]

    Henry I — (léase: Henry the First) Enrique I (read as: Enrique primero)

    who's going to be first? — ¿quién va a ser el primero?

    b) (in seniority, standing) primero

    the first eleven/fifteen — (BrE) el equipo titular

    she's first in line to the throne — está primera or es la primera en la línea de sucesión al trono

    he/she was the first to arrive — fue el primero/la primera en llegar

    the first she knew about it was when... — la primera noticia que tuvo de ello fue cuando...

    from the first — desde el principio, desde el primer momento


    II
    1)
    a) ( ahead of others) primero

    which comes first, your family or your career? — ¿para ti qué está primero, tu familia o tu carrera?

    first come, first served: tickets will be available on a first come, first served basis — se adjudicará(n) las entradas por riguroso orden de solicitud (or llegada etc)

    b) (before other actions, events) primero, en primer lugar

    first, I want to thank everyone for coming — en primer lugar or primero quiero agradecerles a todos que hayan venido

    c) ( beforehand) antes, primero
    d) ( for the first time) por primera vez
    e) ( rather) antes

    form a coalition? I'd resign first — ¿formar una coalición? antes (que eso) renuncio!

    first of all — en primer lugar, antes que nada


    III
    a) first (gear) ( Auto) (no art) primera f
    b) (original idea, accomplishment) primicia f
    [fɜːst]
    1.
    ADJ primero; (before m sing n) primer

    I was first! — ¡yo iba or estaba primero!

    • at first — al principio

    • on the first floor — (Brit) en el primer piso; (US) en la planta baja

    • from first to last — de principio a fin

    • in the first place — en primer lugar

    to win first place — (in competition) conseguir el primer puesto, ganar

    • to win first prize — ganar el primer premio

    • first strike weapon — arma f de primer golpe

    • the first time — la primera vez

    instance 1., 2), thing 2)
    2. ADV
    1) (in place, priority) primero

    first one, then another — primero uno, después otro

    we arrived first — fuimos los primeros en llegar, llegamos los primeros

    women and children first! — ¡las mujeres y los niños primero!

    • first of all — ante todo, antes que nada

    • to come first — (in race) ganar, llegar el primero; (=have priority) estar primero, tener prioridad

    the customer/your homework must come first — el cliente es lo primero/tus deberes son lo primero

    • first and foremost — ante todo, antes que nada

    • to get in first — (in conversation, process) adelantarse

    • you go first! — ¡tú primero!, ¡pasa tú!

    • head first — de cabeza

    • you have to put your children's needs first — primero están las necesidades de tus hijos

    free tickets, on a first-come-first-served basis — entradas gratis, por riguroso orden de llegada

    2) (in time) (=before anything else) primero, antes de nada

    first, I need a drink — primero or antes de nada or antes que nada, necesito una copa

    first, I don't like it, second, I haven't got the money — lo primero: no me gusta, lo segundo: no dispongo del dinero

    • first and last — (=above all) por encima de todo

    • first off * — primero de todo, antes de nada

    3) (=for the first time) por primera vez
    4) (=rather) primero, antes

    let him in this house? I'd kill him first! — ¿dejarle pisar esta casa? ¡primero or antes lo mato!

    I'd die first! — ¡antes me muero!

    3.
    PRON

    the first of January — el primero de enero, el uno de enero

    it's the first I've heard of it — ahora me entero, no lo sabía

    • he came in an easy first — llegó el primero con ventaja

    • from the (very) first — desde el principio

    • to be the first to do sth — ser el primero en hacer algo

    they were the first to arrive — fueron los primeros en llegar, llegaron los primeros

    4. N
    1) (Aut) primera f
    2) (Brit) (Univ) ≈ sobresaliente m

    he got a first in French — ≈ se ha licenciado en francés con una media de sobresaliente

    See:
    5.
    CPD
    first-aid

    first base N — (Baseball) primera base f

    • to draw first blood — anotar el primer tanto

    • first blood to sb — primer tanto para algn

    first cousin N — primo(-a) m / f hermano(-a)

    first edition N — primera edición f ; [of early or rare book] edición f príncipe

    first family N (US) [of president] —

    first form or year N — (Scol) primer curso de secundaria

    first-year student — (Univ) estudiante mf de primer año (de carrera universitaria)

    first gear N — (Aut) primera f

    first grade N — (US) primero m de primaria; first-grade

    first hand N —

    • at first hand — directamente

    - see sth at first hand

    first lady N — (US) primera dama f

    first language N — (=mother tongue) lengua f materna; [of country] lengua f principal

    first lieutenant N — (US) (Aer) teniente mf ; (Brit) (Naut) teniente mf de navío

    first light N — amanecer m, alba f

    • at first light — al amanecer, al alba

    first mate N — primer oficial m, primera oficial f

    first minister N — (in Scotland) primer(a) ministro(-a) m / f

    first name N — nombre m (de pila)

    first night N — (Theat) estreno m

    first offender N — (Jur) delincuente mf sin antecedentes penales

    first officer N — primer oficial m, primera oficial f

    first performance N — (Theat, Mus) estreno m

    first person N — (Ling) primera persona f

    first person plural N (Gram) —

    first school N — (Brit) escuela para niños entre cinco y nueve años

    first secretary, First Secretary N — (in Wales) primer(a) ministro(-a) m / f de Gales

    first violin N — primer violín m, primera violín f

    First World War battlefield N — campo m de batalla de la Primera Guerra Mundial

    first year N (Scol) — = first form

    * * *

    I [fɜːrst, fɜːst]
    1)
    a) ( initial) primero [primero becomes primer when it precedes a masculine singular noun]

    Henry I — (léase: Henry the First) Enrique I (read as: Enrique primero)

    who's going to be first? — ¿quién va a ser el primero?

    b) (in seniority, standing) primero

    the first eleven/fifteen — (BrE) el equipo titular

    she's first in line to the throne — está primera or es la primera en la línea de sucesión al trono

    he/she was the first to arrive — fue el primero/la primera en llegar

    the first she knew about it was when... — la primera noticia que tuvo de ello fue cuando...

    from the first — desde el principio, desde el primer momento


    II
    1)
    a) ( ahead of others) primero

    which comes first, your family or your career? — ¿para ti qué está primero, tu familia o tu carrera?

    first come, first served: tickets will be available on a first come, first served basis — se adjudicará(n) las entradas por riguroso orden de solicitud (or llegada etc)

    b) (before other actions, events) primero, en primer lugar

    first, I want to thank everyone for coming — en primer lugar or primero quiero agradecerles a todos que hayan venido

    c) ( beforehand) antes, primero
    d) ( for the first time) por primera vez
    e) ( rather) antes

    form a coalition? I'd resign first — ¿formar una coalición? antes (que eso) renuncio!

    first of all — en primer lugar, antes que nada


    III
    a) first (gear) ( Auto) (no art) primera f
    b) (original idea, accomplishment) primicia f

    English-spanish dictionary > first

  • 5 Coade, Eleanor

    [br]
    b. 24 June 1733 Exeter, Devon, England
    d. 18 November 1821 Camberwell, London, England
    [br]
    English proprietor of the Coade Factory, making artificial stone.
    [br]
    Born Elinor Coade, she never married but adopted, as was customary in business in the eighteenth century, the courtesy title of Mrs. Following the bankruptcy and death of her father, George Coade, in Exeter, Eleanor and her mother (also called Eleanor) moved to London and founded the works at Lambeth, South London, in 1769 that later became famous as the Coade factory. The factory was located at King's Arms Stairs, Narrow Wall. During the eighteenth century, several attempts had been made in other businesses to manufacture a durable, malleable artificial stone that would be acceptable to architects for decorative use. These substances were not very successful, but Coade stone was different. Although stories are legion about the secret formula supposedly used in this artificial stone, modern methods have established the exact formula.
    Coade stone was a stoneware ceramic material fired in a kiln. The body was remarkable in that it shrank only 8 per cent in drying and firing: this was achieved by using a combination of china clay, sand, crushed glass and grog (i.e. crushed and ground, previously fired stoneware). The Coade formula thus included a considerable proportion of material that, having been fired once already, was unshrinkable. Mrs Coade's name for the firm, Coade's Lithodipyra Terra-Cotta or Artificial Stone Manufactory (where "Lithodipyra" is a term derived from three Greek words meaning "stone", "twice" and "fire"), made reference to the custom of including such material (such as in Josiah Wedgwood's basalt and jasper ware). The especially low rate of shrinkage rendered the material ideal for making extra-life-size statuary, and large architectural, decorative features to be incorporated into stone buildings.
    Coade stone was widely used for such purposes by leading architects in Britain and Ireland from the 1770s until the 1830s, including Robert Adam, Sir Charles Barry, Sir William Chambers, Sir John Soane, John Nash and James Wyatt. Some architects introduced the material abroad, as far as, for example, Charles Bulfinch's United States Bank in Boston, Massachusetts, and Charles Cameron's redecoration for the Empress Catherine of the great palace Tsarkoe Selo (now Pushkin), near St Petersburg. The material so resembles stone that it is often mistaken for it, but it is so hard and resistant to weather that it retains sharpness of detail much longer than the natural substance. The many famous British buildings where Coade stone was used include the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, Carlton House and the Sir John Soane Museum (all of which are located in London), St George's Chapel at Windsor, Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, and Culzean Castle in Ayrshire, Scotland.
    Apart from the qualities of the material, the Coade firm established a high reputation for the equally fine quality of its classical statuary. Mrs Coade employed excellent craftsmen such as the sculptor John Bacon (1740–99), whose work was mass-produced by the use of moulds. One famous example which was widely reproduced was the female caryatid from the south porch of the Erechtheion on the acropolis of Athens. A drawing of this had appeared in the second edition of Stuart and Revett's Antiquities of Athens in 1789, and many copies were made from the original Coade model; Soane used them more than once, for example on the Bank of England and his own houses in London.
    Eleanor Coade was a remarkable woman, and was important and influential on the neo-classical scene. She had close and amicable relations with leading architects of the day, notably Robert Adam and James Wyatt. The Coade factory was enlarged and altered over the years, but the site was finally cleared during 1949–50 in preparation for the establishment of the 1951 Festival of Britain.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Kelly, 1990, Mrs Coade's Stone, pub. in conjunction with the Georgian Group (an interesting, carefully written history; includes a detailed appendix on architects who used Coade stone and buildings where surviving work may be seen).
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Coade, Eleanor

  • 6 point

    [pɔɪnt] 1. сущ.
    1)
    а) точка, пятнышко, крапинка

    body dotted with numerous red points — тело, усыпанное многочисленными красными пятнышками

    Syn:
    б) точка, отметка, точка деления ( на шкале)

    dew-point — точка росы; температура таяния

    The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit. — Точка замерзания воды - 32 градуса по Фаренгейту.

    The shares reached their highest point on the 13th June 1990, when they might have been sold for $600. — Акции достигли высшей отметки 13 июня 1990 года, когда они могли продаваться по 600 долларов.

    в) мор. румб
    2)
    а) = full point точка ( знак препинания)
    б) мат. точка
    3) пункт, момент, вопрос; дело

    controversial point — спорный вопрос, момент

    talking point — вопрос, могущий быть предметом разговора; (подходящая) тема для разговора; аргумент

    to argue a point — обсуждать вопрос, спорить по поводу чего-л.

    to belabor / labor a point — разрабатывать, исследовать вопрос

    to bring up / raise a point — ставить / поднимать вопрос

    to concede / yield a point — уступить, сдаться в каком-л. вопросе

    to cover / discuss a point — обсуждать вопрос

    to drive / hammer / press a point home — доводить вопрос до сведения

    to emphasize / stress / underscore a point — акцентировать, подчёркивать вопрос

    to strain, stretch a point in smb.'s favour — истолковать дело / вопрос в чью-л. пользу

    She made the point that further resistance was useless. — Она сочла, что дальнейшее сопротивление бесполезно.

    - at all points
    - on this point
    - make a point of smth.
    Syn:

    At that point the audience got up to leave. — В этот момент зрители поднялись, чтобы уходить.

    Syn:
    5)
    а) точка, место, пункт

    I've been in Pakistan and points East for six weeks. — Я шесть недель провел в Пакистане и других восточных странах.

    б) разг. полицейский пост
    6) разг. станция
    7) охот.; разг. место, к которому по прямой мчится собака или дичь
    8)
    а) отличительная черта, особенность

    Tact isn't my strong point. — Тактичность не является моей отличительной чертой.

    Syn:
    б) стать, статья (животного; как показатель его породистости)
    в) ( points) конечности (животного; обычно имеют контрастную окрасу); контрастная окраска конечностей

    The Siamese kittens are born absolutely white and gradually all the points come. — Сиамские котята рождаются абсолютно белыми, но постепенно лапы, кончик хвоста и мордочка темнеют.

    г) ( points) экстерьер ( животного)
    д) ( points) достоинства, преимущества

    A simple story, but it has its points. — Простая история, но в ней есть свои достоинства.

    Getting drunk as a pastime may have its points, but as an exclusive occupation. — В том чтобы напиться в стельку, тоже есть своя прелесть, но только если это происходит в исключительных случаях.

    9) спорт. очко

    points verdict / decision — присуждение победы по очкам (в боксе и т. п.)

    to gain a point, to get points — получить преимущество

    The team won by two points. — Команда выиграла с перевесом в два очка.

    Syn:
    10)
    а) бирж. пункт
    б) ист. талон, единица продовольственной или промтоварной карточки ( в Великобритании во время Второй мировой войны и в послевоенные годы)

    From April 2 imported tinned marmalade will be available on points. — Со 2 апреля импортный джем в банках будут продавать по талонам.

    в) полигр. пункт
    11) ( the point) суть, сущность; "соль" (рассказа, шутки)

    I think I missed the point of his story. — По-видимому, я прозевал суть его истории.

    The point is not who said the words, but whether they are true or not. — Дело не в том, кто сказал эти слова, а в том - истинны они или нет.

    He did not see the point of the joke. — Он не понял, в чем "соль" шутки.

    - come to the point
    - keep to the point
    - get to the point
    Syn:
    12) цель, намерение; важная мысль, заслуживающее внимание замечание

    I have now read the article with interest and appreciation but it doesn't meet my point at all. — Я прочел статью с интересом и пониманием, но она не о том, что я имею (имел) в виду.

    I see. I quite see your point. — Я понимаю. Я вполне понимаю, что вы хотите сказать.

    "The affair'll have to be shelved." "I take your point, sir." — "Дело должно быть отложено. - Я вас понял, сэр."

    Syn:
    13) намёк, подсказка, указание, совет

    There are friends who honestly and in all good faith give a "point" as to buying this or that stock. — Существуют такие друзья, которые честно и от чистого сердца дают "советы" купить те или другие акции.

    Syn:
    14) пойнт (мера веса в ювелирном деле, равная одной сотой карата)
    15) эл. штепсельная розетка

    Helena plugged an electric kettle into a point underneath the table. — Элен воткнула вилку электрочайника в розетку под столом.

    16) геральд.
    18)
    а) остриё; наконечник
    б) кинжал, шпага; шило
    в) гравировальная игла, резец ( гравера)
    19)
    а) тонкий конец, кончик; остроконечная верхушка; острая выступающая часть

    Mr. Calthorpe tapped the points of the fingers of each hand together. — Мистер Калторп постукивал кончиками пальцев друг о друга.

    Syn:
    б) мыс, выступающая морская коса, стрелка
    20) воен. головной или тыльный дозор
    21) ( the Point) амер.; разг. Военная академия США в Вест-Пойнте
    22) ж.-д.; обычно ( points) стрелочный перевод
    24) кончик нижней челюсти (место, в которое наносится удар)
    25) ( points) пуанты

    In a pas de deux with Ted Kivitt, she stepped majestically on point as if there were magnets concealed in her toe shoes. — В па-де-де с Тедом Кивиттом она величественно выступала на пуантах, как будто в ее балетных туфлях были спрятаны магниты.

    28) ист. шнурок с наконечником ( заменявший пуговицы)

    to come / make a point — делать стойку

    ••
    - in point of
    - in point of fact     2. гл.
    1)
    а) ставить знаки препинания; делать паузы ( в устном тексте), акцентировать подчёркивать
    Syn:
    б) = point off отделять точкой ( десятичную дробь)
    2) точить; заострять; чинить ( карандаш)
    Syn:
    3) оживлять, придавать остроту (словам, действиям)

    The circumstances which pointed and sharpened the public feelings on that occasion. — Обстоятельства, оживившие чувства общественности, по поводу этого события.

    4) намечать с помощью просверливаемых точек (на камне или мраморе) глубину, на которую должна стёсываться скульптура
    5)
    а) стр. расшивать швы
    б) вносить (навоз и т. п.) в землю на небольшую глубину с помощью лопаты
    6)
    а) = point out показывать пальцем, указывать; указывать, обращать (чьё-л.) внимание; отмечать, подчёркивать

    to point the finger (of scorn) (at) — указывать пальцем на (кого-л.), насмехаться над (кем-л.)

    It's rude to point at people. — Некрасиво показывать на людей пальцем.

    "There's the coin you dropped!" she said, pointing down. — Вот монетка, которую ты уронил, - сказало она, указывая вниз.

    She pointed through the window of the coach. — Она указала пальцем в окно коляски.

    When asked to explain where all the housekeeping money had gone, Mary pointed to the rising prices. — Когда её попросили объяснить, куда ушли все деньги, выделенные на ведение хозяйства, Мэри сослалась на повышение цен.

    He has pointed out a method of cure. — Он указал на метод лечения.

    He pointed out that there were certain formalities to be observed. — Он подчеркнул, что существуют некоторые формальности, которые должны быть выполнены.

    The finger of scorn is pointed at you. — Над тобой насмехаются.

    б) ( point at) направить (мысли на что-л.); намекать на ( что-л), предполагать (что-л.)
    Syn:
    7) охот. делать стойку ( указывая на дичь - о собаке)

    trained to stop and point where the game lies — обученная останавливаться и делать стойку, указывая, где залёг зверь

    In the next field Satin pointed a leveret. — На следующем поле Сэтин сделал стойку перед зайчонком.

    8) (point at, point to) направлять, наводить ( оружие); целиться, прицеливаться

    Never point a gun at someone, even in fun. — Никогда ни в кого не прицеливайся, даже в шутку.

    Syn:
    9) (point at, point to) указывать на (что-л.), говорить, свидетельствовать о (чём-л.)

    The Minister's remarks seemed to be pointing at an early election. — Казалось, что замечания министра касались досрочных выборов.

    All the signs point to / towards an early election. — Все признаки указывают на досрочные выборы.

    Syn:
    10)
    а) быть обращённым, направленным (в какую-л. сторону)

    This may be noticed in any house which points on to a busy thoroughfare. — Это можно заметить в каждом доме, который выходит на оживлённую улицу.

    The churches of Europe were ordinarily built pointing to the east. — Церкви в Европе обыкновенно строились обращёнными на восток.

    б) иметь целью, стремиться

    It was the goal towards which the policy of the Frankish kings had for many years pointed. — Это была цель, на которую в течение многих лет была направлена политика франкских королей.

    в) спорт. специально готовиться (к игре, к соревнованиям)

    We are not pointing for any team in particular, but are trying to develop for our major games without being knocked off. — Мы не готовимся к конкретной игре с конкретным партнёром, но стараемся сохранить форму и силы к главным матчам.

    11) мед. созревать ( о нарыве)
    12) мор. идти курсом близким к направлению ветра
    13) амер. гнать, погонять ( стадо)
    •
    - point off
    - point out
    - point up

    Англо-русский современный словарь > point

  • 7 Antunes, Antônio Lobo

    (1942-)
       Noted Portuguese novelist and writer, chronicler of his people's various responses to the colonial African wars (1961-75) and to the Revolution of Carnations 1974-75. Born in Lisbon, the son of a physician, Lobo Antunes was trained as a doctor as well and became a practicing psychiatrist. During the so-called "African Wars," when Portugal under the Estado Novo fought to retain its African colonies, Lobo Antunes served four years in the Portuguese Army in Angola. One of the literary results of that formative experience was his noted novel, South of Nowhere, published first in Portugal and then published and acclaimed in an English translation in 1983. Among his other novels also translated into English and published by major trade houses in the Anglophone world are An Explanation of the Birds (1991), Fado Alexandrino (1990), and Act of the Damned (1993).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Antunes, Antônio Lobo

  • 8 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 9 digital natives

    digital natives GEN, SOC Digital Natives pl, (infrml) digitale Eingeborene pl (those for whom digital technologies already existed when they were born or those who grew up with 21st Century digital technology; the concept ignores the fact that the digital universe was conceived and created by ‚digital immigrants’; im Allgemeinen die Generation der nach 1990 Geborenen: sie sind mit Internet, Handy und MP3-Playern aufgewachsen und der Umgang mit technischen Neuerungen ist ihnen meist selbstverständlicher als vielen Älteren und den sogenannten ‚Digital Immigrants’, die die digitalen Technologien erlernen mussten – wenn auch die Letzteren das digitale Universum erfunden, erobert und entwickelt haben)

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > digital natives

  • 10 Trésaguet, Pierre Marie Jerome

    [br]
    b. 1716 Nevers, France
    d. 1796 France
    [br]
    French civil engineer, best known for his system of road construction.
    [br]
    Born into a family of engineers, Trésaguet made his career in the Corps des Ponts et Chaussées, becoming Inspector-General of the Corps in 1775. He is best known for his improved method of road construction, which involved the use of carefully placed stones in the base with layers of progressively smaller sizes towards the surface. He also emphasized the importance of good drainage as well as regular maintenance. His system was generally adopted throughout France and in neighbouring European countries.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    M.Magnusson (ed.), 1990, Chambers Biographical Dictionary, Edinburgh: W. \& R.Chambers.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Trésaguet, Pierre Marie Jerome

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